Risk factors
- Persistent HPV infection
- Early onset of sexual activity or multiple partners
- Smoking, weakened immunity, long-term oral contraceptive use
Onco-Gynaecology · Ludhiana, Punjab
Types of CancersWe Treat
Comprehensive care for female reproductive cancers — from early detection and fertility preservation to advanced laparoscopic surgery.
Tailored care for every cancer type
At Dr. Rama Sofat Hospital, Ludhiana, we provide comprehensive care for all types of female reproductive cancers — from early detection and fertility preservation to advanced laparoscopic surgeries. Each cancer type is managed with a tailored plan designed to save lives, preserve fertility where possible, and enhance quality of life.
Cervical Cancer
Begins in the cervix — the lower part of the uterus connecting to the vagina. One of the most preventable cancers with regular Pap smear and HPV testing.
Symptoms
- Irregular or post-coital vaginal bleeding
- Foul-smelling discharge
- Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse
Diagnosis
- Pap smear and HPV DNA test
- Colposcopy and cervical biopsy
- MRI/CT scan for staging
Treatment
- Pre-cancer: LEEP, cone biopsy, or laser ablation
- Early stages: radical trachelectomy (fertility-preserving) or laparoscopic radical hysterectomy
- Advanced stages: combined chemo-radiation therapy
Prevention — Regular Pap smear every 3 years, HPV vaccination between ages 9–26, safe sexual practices, and smoking cessation.
Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
Develops in the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) and is most common after menopause. Often detected early due to abnormal bleeding.
Risk factors
- Obesity and diabetes
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- Unopposed estrogen therapy
- Family history of uterine or colon cancer
Symptoms
- Post-menopausal bleeding
- Heavy or prolonged periods
- Pelvic pain
Diagnosis
- Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS)
- Endometrial biopsy or diagnostic hysteroscopy
- MRI or CT scan for staging
Treatment
- Early stages: total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and lymph node evaluation
- Young women desiring fertility: hormone therapy or fertility-preserving surgery
- Advanced stages: chemotherapy and targeted therapy
Prevention — Healthy weight, regular menstrual cycles, and early evaluation of abnormal bleeding reduce risk.
Ovarian Cancer
Arises from the ovaries and is often called the “silent killer” due to vague early symptoms. Early detection dramatically improves outcomes.
Risk factors
- BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations
- Family history of ovarian or breast cancer
- Nulliparity (no pregnancies)
- Long-term hormone therapy
Symptoms
- Abdominal bloating and pain
- Early satiety or loss of appetite
- Changes in bowel habits
- Unexplained weight loss
Diagnosis
- CA-125 blood test and transvaginal ultrasound
- CT/MRI/PET scans for staging
- Genetic testing (BRCA, Lynch syndrome)
Treatment
- Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy or oophorectomy for early cases
- Cytoreductive (debulking) surgery for advanced stages
- Chemotherapy / targeted therapy after surgery
- Egg or embryo freezing before cancer treatment for fertility preservation
Prevention — Genetic screening and prophylactic oophorectomy in high-risk women when appropriate.
Vaginal Cancer
A rare cancer starting in the vaginal tissues, often linked to chronic HPV infection or previous cervical disease.
Risk factors
- HPV infection
- Prior cervical precancer or cancer
- Smoking
- Older age
Symptoms
- Vaginal bleeding after intercourse
- Pain during urination or sex
- Persistent vaginal discharge
Diagnosis
- Pelvic exam and colposcopy
- Biopsy of suspicious areas
- MRI / CT scan for spread evaluation
Treatment
- Early stages: surgical excision or laser ablation
- Advanced disease: radiation and chemotherapy
- Reconstructive surgery to restore vaginal function and appearance
Prevention — HPV vaccination and regular pelvic examinations.
Vulvar Cancer
Affects the external genital organs and is often associated with HPV infection or chronic vulvar inflammation. Early detection allows complete cure in many cases.
Risk factors
- HPV infection
- Lichen sclerosus or chronic irritation
- Smoking
- Immunosuppression
Symptoms
- Persistent itching or burning
- Non-healing ulcer or lump on the vulva
- Pain and bleeding
Diagnosis
- Visual inspection and biopsy
- Imaging to check lymph node involvement
Treatment
- Wide local excision or radical vulvectomy
- Sentinel lymph node biopsy
- Reconstructive surgery for cosmetic and functional recovery
- Radiation/chemotherapy if lymph nodes are involved
Prevention — HPV vaccination, proper genital hygiene, and early evaluation of chronic irritation.
Fallopian Tube Cancer
A rare form of gynaecological cancer originating in the fallopian tubes, often detected during surgery for ovarian or uterine disease.
Risk factors
- Often associated with ovarian/uterine disease pathways
Symptoms
- Pelvic pain
- Watery vaginal discharge
- Abdominal mass or bloating
Diagnosis
- Ultrasound, MRI, or laparoscopy
- Histopathological confirmation after surgery
Treatment
- Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
- Lymph node dissection and adjuvant chemotherapy
Prevention — Prompt evaluation of pelvic symptoms and appropriate surgical assessment when indicated.
Talk to our onco-gynaecology team
Whether you need screening, a clear diagnosis, or a treatment plan — our specialists in Ludhiana are here to help.